Types of criticism

prof.Abdelhamid Fouda 

“Criticism is the branch of Study, Concerned with defining, Classifying, expounding, evaluating works of Literature.”

To Criticize’ etymologically means ‘To analyze’, and latter ‘To Judge’…

There are many types of criticism like;

   1. Pragmatic Criticism

   2. Expressive Criticism

  3. Objective Criticism

 4. Mimetic Criticism

 5. Practical Criticism

         6. Impressnistic Criticism

7. Judicial Criticism

8. Deus ex Machina

9. Chorus

10. Tragedy

11. Three unites

12. Tragic Hero

13. Harmatia

14. Catharsis  

1. Pragmatic Criticism

Pragmatic criticism is concerned first leading with ethical impact any literary text has upon an audience. It works as something which is constructed in order to achieve certain effects on the audience. Effects such as esthetic pleas are instruction or special feeling.Ploto provides a foundational and absolute argument for itself can be an effective means of interpretation or repression practical criticism is perhaps most dangerous when knowledge replaces or support and the need for virtuous actions.Despite the fact that pragmatic criticism originated in the roman times, Philip Sidney a renaissance critic is one of its most influential theorists.For e.g. Sidney is poetry has a clear cut purpose to achieve certain effect in an audience. Good poets are those who write both to delight and teach or in other words for delightful instruction.

2. Expressive Criticism

Previously expressive expressionism is a German movement in painting but rather on it extended its access to other literary arts too, expressive criticism treats a literary when primarily in relation to the author. It defined poetry as an expression or overflow as utterance of felines recollected  in tranquility is taken as the ground idea of the expressive their of out.The three key concepts associated with this movements are 

1.Imagination

2.Genivs

    3. Emotion

Expressive criticism firmly stick to these three key terms For e.g.  William Wordsworth Preface to second edition of “ lyrical Ballads “ is a major expression of the spirit of English Romanticism.

3. Objective Criticism

Objective criticism approaches the work as something which stands free from poet audience and the environment world. It describes the literary products a self enough objective or as a analyzed and as difficulty, coherence in tegity and the interrelation of tits part element.For e.g.This is the characteristic approach of a number of importance critic since the 1920, including the new critic and the Chicago school of criticism.

4. Mimetic Criticism

Mimetic is derived derived from the Greek work. Imitation Mimetic means creative copy. Mimetic criticism views the literary were as an imitation or reflection or representation of the world and human life and the primary criterion applied to a work is that of the Truth of representation to the subject it represents.For e.g.This mode of criticism which first append in plate and Aristotle is char touristic of modern theories of literary realism. Greek mimetic school is based upon the ideas expressed by plate and Aristotle.

5. Practical & Applied Criticism

Practical criticism are applied criticism concern itself with the discussion of particular wires and writers is an applied criticism the practical principal controlling the mode of the analysis interpretation and evolution are often left implicit or brought in only as the occasion demands..For e.g.Among the more influential were of applied criticism in England and America are the literary essay of Dryden in the restoration.

6. Impressionistic Criticism

Impressionistic criticism means personal impression. Impressionistic criticism attempts to represent in words the felt qualities of a particular were and to express the attitude and feelingful response the impression that the work directly evoke from the critic.

For e.g.On William hazlit put it in his essay“ On Genius and Common Sense”“ You decide from feeling and not from reason, that is, from the impression of a number of thing on the mind…”

7. Judicial Criticism

Judicial Criticism on the hand, not merely to communicate, but to analyzed and explain the effect of a work by reference to its subject. For eg

The critical essay of  “E.M. forester and Virginia woolf…”

8. Deus Ex Macfina

Two meanings are there of this term as given below.- Unconvincing character who resolve plot.- God who resolve plot.It is a Latin for a god from a machine. It describe the practice of some Greek playwrights(especially Euripides) to end the drama with a god who was lowered to the stage by a mechanical apparatus and by his judgment and commands, solved the problems of the human character. The term is now used for any forced and improbable  device a fell fale birthmark, a unexpected inference  the discovery of a lost will or letter by which a hard pressed author makes shift to resolve his plot.e.g. notorious examples occur in novels as diverse as Dicken’s “Oliver Twist” and Hardy’s tess of the urbervilles.

9. Chorus

Among the ancient Greeks the chorus was a group, wearing masks, who sang or charted verse while performing dance like maneuvers at religious festivals. A similar chorus played a part in Greek Tragedies, where they served mainly as commentators on the action who represented traditional moral, religious and social attitudes beginning with Euripides, however the chorus assumed primarily a lyrical function. The Greek ode, as developed by Pindar, was also chanted by a chorus.

Generally chorus mean a type of group of man, who sings a song also.During the Elizabethan age the Term chorus was applied also to a single character who spoke the prologue and epilogue to a play and sometimes introduced each act as well. This character served as the Author’s vehicle commenting on the play and sometime introduced communication to the audience exposition about its subject offstage events and setting.e.g. Marlowe’ s, Dr.Faustus

modern scholars use the Term choral character to identify a character within the play itself who stands largely apart from the perspective through which to view character and events.

e.g. Seth Beckwith in O’Neill’s Mourning Becomes Electra”, thersite in trolius and Cressida.

Choral character is sometimes applied also to person in a novel who represent a communal point of view or the perspective of a cultural group; instance are Thomas Hardy’s peasants and the old negro women in William Faulkner.

10. Tragedy

The Term is broadly applied to literary, and especially to dramatic, representation of serious and important actions which turn out disastrously for the chief character. In ancient time some tragedy writers like Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. They had written Greek tragedy including serious plots ending in a catastrophe. Have been developed. Aristotle defined tragedy as

“ tragedy is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete and of a certain magnitude in the language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the   several kinds being found in separate parts of the play in the form of action, not of narrative; through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation catharsis of these & similar emotions. “

Many types of tragedies are there as following.

1.Senecan tragedy

2.Revenge tragedy

                     3.Tragedy of blood        

                    4. Domestic tragedy etc..

Senecan tragedy was written to be recited rather than acted ; but to English play wrights who through that these tragedies had been intended for the stage. It also include according to the rules of the three. Unites.Moreover, revenge tragedy itself suggests the meaning that one character takes revenge in return for an injury or murder of relatives so this kind of tragedies were written in Elizabethan age.This tragedy of blood include the revenge, murder, ghosts, mutilation and a carriage.Domestic tragedy which was written in prose and presented a protagonist from the common rank who suffers a common place or domestic disaster.Further, since that time most successful tragedies have been in prose and represent middle class or occasionally even working class, heroes and heroines.Earlier in the close of the seventeen century almost all tragedies were written in verse and had us protagonists men of high rank, whose fate affected the fortunes of a state.

11. Three unites

In the sixteenth and seventeenth century, critics of the drama in Italy and France added to Aristotle’s recommendation of unity of action two other unites to constitute the rules of drama known as the three unites. On the assumption that verisimilitude” the achievement of an illusion of reality in the audience requires that the action represented in a play approximate the actual condition of the staging of the play. They imposed the unity of place (that the time represented be limited to the two or three hours it takes to act the play or at most to a single day of either twelve or twenty four hours).

Mainly because of the strong influence of Shakespeare, whose play represent charges of place and the passage of  many years, the rules of the unities were never so dominant in English neo classicism as in Italy and France.

A final blow was the famous attack against, them in Dr.Johnson Preface to Shakespeare(1765). Since in the 18th century in England, the unities of time and place have been regarded as optional devices, available to the play wright for special effects of dramatic concentration 

12. Tragic Hero

According Aristotle says that the tragic hero will most effectively evoke both our pity and our Terror if he is nether thoroughly good nor thoroughly evil but a mixture of both and also that the tragic effect will be stronger if the hero is better 

than we are in the since that he is of high moral worth.The tragic hero accordingly moves us to pity because since he is not an evil man, his misfortune is grater that he deserves but he moves us also to fear because we recognize similar possibilities of error in our own lesser and fallible selves.

13.Hamartia

Hamartia indicates following meaning

Moral frailty

Ignorance

Miscalculation

Error of judgment.

 A person is exhibited as suffering a change in fortune from happiness to misery because of a mistaken act to which he is led by his hamartia or it is often through less literally translated his tragic flow.

14.Catharsis

This word came from medical terminology which has various meaning like- Purgation of pity and fear- Purification- Correction or refinement etc.

It has been suggested that our pity and fear are purified in the theatre by becoming disinterested. It is bad to be selfishly sentimental, timid, and querulous but it is good to pity for Othello or to fear for hamlet.

Conclusion

Criticism means to criticize to analyze and later to judge there are many types of criticism Dramatic practical mimetic and many more no critic can even from accurate judge mentaunelss the possesses the artistes vision.Be observant not judgment do not judge experience.Various_Types_of_Criticism

“Criticism is the branch of Study, Concerned with defining, Classifying, expounding, evaluating works of Literature.”

To Criticize’ etymologically means ‘To analyze’, and latter ‘To Judge’…

There are many types of criticism like;

   1. Pragmatic Criticism

   2. Expressive Criticism

  3. Objective Criticism

 4. Mimetic Criticism

 5. Practical Criticism

         6. Impressnistic Criticism

7. Judicial Criticism

8. Deus ex Machina

9. Chorus

10. Tragedy

11. Three unites

12. Tragic Hero

13. Harmatia

14. Catharsis  

1. Pragmatic Criticism

Pragmatic criticism is concerned first leading with ethical impact any literary text has upon an audience. It works as something which is constructed in order to achieve certain effects on the audience. Effects such as esthetic pleas are instruction or special feeling.Ploto provides a foundational and absolute argument for itself can be an effective means of interpretation or repression practical criticism is perhaps most dangerous when knowledge replaces or support and the need for virtuous actions.Despite the fact that pragmatic criticism originated in the roman times, Philip Sidney a renaissance critic is one of its most influential theorists.For e.g. Sidney is poetry has a clear cut purpose to achieve certain effect in an audience. Good poets are those who write both to delight and teach or in other words for delightful instruction.

2. Expressive Criticism

Previously expressive expressionism is a German movement in painting but rather on it extended its access to other literary arts too, expressive criticism treats a literary when primarily in relation to the author. It defined poetry as an expression or overflow as utterance of felines recollected  in tranquility is taken as the ground idea of the expressive their of out.The three key concepts associated with this movements are 

1.Imagination

2.Genivs

    3. Emotion

Expressive criticism firmly stick to these three key terms For e.g.  William Wordsworth Preface to second edition of “ lyrical Ballads “ is a major expression of the spirit of English Romanticism.

3. Objective Criticism

Objective criticism approaches the work as something which stands free from poet audience and the environment world. It describes the literary products a self enough objective or as a analyzed and as difficulty, coherence in tegity and the interrelation of tits part element.For e.g.This is the characteristic approach of a number of importance critic since the 1920, including the new critic and the Chicago school of criticism.

4. Mimetic Criticism

Mimetic is derived derived from the Greek work. Imitation Mimetic means creative copy. Mimetic criticism views the literary were as an imitation or reflection or representation of the world and human life and the primary criterion applied to a work is that of the Truth of representation to the subject it represents.For e.g.This mode of criticism which first append in plate and Aristotle is char touristic of modern theories of literary realism. Greek mimetic school is based upon the ideas expressed by plate and Aristotle.

5. Practical & Applied Criticism

Practical criticism are applied criticism concern itself with the discussion of particular wires and writers is an applied criticism the practical principal controlling the mode of the analysis interpretation and evolution are often left implicit or brought in only as the occasion demands..For e.g.Among the more influential were of applied criticism in England and America are the literary essay of Dryden in the restoration.

6. Impressionistic Criticism

Impressionistic criticism means personal impression. Impressionistic criticism attempts to represent in words the felt qualities of a particular were and to express the attitude and feelingful response the impression that the work directly evoke from the critic.

For e.g.On William hazlit put it in his essay“ On Genius and Common Sense”“ You decide from feeling and not from reason, that is, from the impression of a number of thing on the mind…”

7. Judicial Criticism

Judicial Criticism on the hand, not merely to communicate, but to analyzed and explain the effect of a work by reference to its subject. For eg

The critical essay of  “E.M. forester and Virginia woolf…”

8. Deus Ex Macfina

Two meanings are there of this term as given below.- Unconvincing character who resolve plot.- God who resolve plot.It is a Latin for a god from a machine. It describe the practice of some Greek playwrights(especially Euripides) to end the drama with a god who was lowered to the stage by a mechanical apparatus and by his judgment and commands, solved the problems of the human character. The term is now used for any forced and improbable  device a fell fale birthmark, a unexpected inference  the discovery of a lost will or letter by which a hard pressed author makes shift to resolve his plot.e.g. notorious examples occur in novels as diverse as Dicken’s “Oliver Twist” and Hardy’s tess of the urbervilles.

9. Chorus

Among the ancient Greeks the chorus was a group, wearing masks, who sang or charted verse while performing dance like maneuvers at religious festivals. A similar chorus played a part in Greek Tragedies, where they served mainly as commentators on the action who represented traditional moral, religious and social attitudes beginning with Euripides, however the chorus assumed primarily a lyrical function. The Greek ode, as developed by Pindar, was also chanted by a chorus.

Generally chorus mean a type of group of man, who sings a song also.During the Elizabethan age the Term chorus was applied also to a single character who spoke the prologue and epilogue to a play and sometimes introduced each act as well. This character served as the Author’s vehicle commenting on the play and sometime introduced communication to the audience exposition about its subject offstage events and setting.e.g. Marlowe’ s, Dr.Faustus

modern scholars use the Term choral character to identify a character within the play itself who stands largely apart from the perspective through which to view character and events.

e.g. Seth Beckwith in O’Neill’s Mourning Becomes Electra”, thersite in trolius and Cressida.

Choral character is sometimes applied also to person in a novel who represent a communal point of view or the perspective of a cultural group; instance are Thomas Hardy’s peasants and the old negro women in William Faulkner.

10. Tragedy

The Term is broadly applied to literary, and especially to dramatic, representation of serious and important actions which turn out disastrously for the chief character. In ancient time some tragedy writers like Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. They had written Greek tragedy including serious plots ending in a catastrophe. Have been developed. Aristotle defined tragedy as

“ tragedy is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete and of a certain magnitude in the language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the   several kinds being found in separate parts of the play in the form of action, not of narrative; through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation catharsis of these & similar emotions. “

Many types of tragedies are there as following.

1.Senecan tragedy

2.Revenge tragedy

                     3.Tragedy of blood        

                    4. Domestic tragedy etc..

Senecan tragedy was written to be recited rather than acted ; but to English play wrights who through that these tragedies had been intended for the stage. It also include according to the rules of the three. Unites.Moreover, revenge tragedy itself suggests the meaning that one character takes revenge in return for an injury or murder of relatives so this kind of tragedies were written in Elizabethan age.This tragedy of blood include the revenge, murder, ghosts, mutilation and a carriage.Domestic tragedy which was written in prose and presented a protagonist from the common rank who suffers a common place or domestic disaster.Further, since that time most successful tragedies have been in prose and represent middle class or occasionally even working class, heroes and heroines.Earlier in the close of the seventeen century almost all tragedies were written in verse and had us protagonists men of high rank, whose fate affected the fortunes of a state.

11. Three unites

In the sixteenth and seventeenth century, critics of the drama in Italy and France added to Aristotle’s recommendation of unity of action two other unites to constitute the rules of drama known as the three unites. On the assumption that verisimilitude” the achievement of an illusion of reality in the audience requires that the action represented in a play approximate the actual condition of the staging of the play. They imposed the unity of place (that the time represented be limited to the two or three hours it takes to act the play or at most to a single day of either twelve or twenty four hours).

Mainly because of the strong influence of Shakespeare, whose play represent charges of place and the passage of  many years, the rules of the unities were never so dominant in English neo classicism as in Italy and France.

A final blow was the famous attack against, them in Dr.Johnson Preface to Shakespeare(1765). Since in the 18th century in England, the unities of time and place have been regarded as optional devices, available to the play wright for special effects of dramatic concentration 

12. Tragic Hero

According Aristotle says that the tragic hero will most effectively evoke both our pity and our Terror if he is nether thoroughly good nor thoroughly evil but a mixture of both and also that the tragic effect will be stronger if the hero is better 

than we are in the since that he is of high moral worth.The tragic hero accordingly moves us to pity because since he is not an evil man, his misfortune is grater that he deserves but he moves us also to fear because we recognize similar possibilities of error in our own lesser and fallible selves.

13.Hamartia

Hamartia indicates following meaning

Moral frailty

Ignorance

Miscalculation

Error of judgment.

 A person is exhibited as suffering a change in fortune from happiness to misery because of a mistaken act to which he is led by his hamartia or it is often through less literally translated his tragic flow.

14.Catharsis

This word came from medical terminology which has various meaning like- Purgation of pity and fear- Purification- Correction or refinement etc.

It has been suggested that our pity and fear are purified in the theatre by becoming disinterested. It is bad to be selfishly sentimental, timid, and querulous but it is good to pity for Othello or to fear for hamlet.

Conclusion

Criticism means to criticize to analyze and later to judge there are many types of criticism Dramatic practical mimetic and many more no critic can even from accurate judge mentaunelss the possesses the artistes vision.Be observant not judgment do not judge experience.